{"content":[{"content":{"params":{"text":"

Unit 1: Introduction to the HoReCa Sector<\/h2>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Unit 1: Introduction to the HoReCa Sector"},"subContentId":"de9a333e-7f41-407f-bfb5-b9829f161595"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
The hotel, restaurant, and catering industry (HoReCa) is a dynamic and rapidly evolving sector. The essence of the HoReCa sector can be expressed most clearly through generally accepted classifications. To ensure international comparability of the definition judgments presented below as a basis, we use the widely accepted Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (NACE) [1] . In this context, the activities that are included in the HoReCa sector are presented and defined in the following.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"NACE"},"subContentId":"48dda4c3-2438-4017-9255-561db6094a90"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"

Definitions of economic activities in the HoReCa sector<\/h3>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Definitions of economic activities in the HoReCa sector"},"subContentId":"b883999e-42a6-4977-ae23-348fef5b83db"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"panels":[{"content":{"params":{"text":"
This division includes the provision of short-stay accommodation for visitors and other travellers.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"b25c2eac-35d3-4b15-81c7-00812a0e158a","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"title":"Accommodation, NACE (rev. 2): 55"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
This class includes the provision of accommodation, typically on a daily or weekly basis, mainly for short stays by visitors. This includes the provision of furnished accommodation in guest rooms and suites. Services include daily cleaning and bed-making. A range of additional services may be provided such as food and beverage services, parking, laundry services, swimming pools and exercise rooms, recreational facilities as well as conference and convention facilities.<\/p>\n\n
This class includes accommodation provided by:<\/p>\n\n
\n\t
hotels<\/li>\n\t
resort hotels<\/li>\n\t
suite\/apartment hotels<\/li>\n\t
motels<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
This class excludes:<\/p>\n\n
\n\t
provision of homes and furnished or unfurnished flats or apartments for more permanent use, typically on a monthly or annual basis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"7594f60a-195d-4344-be58-f74faf824957","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"title":"Hotels and similar accommodation, NACE (rev. 2): 55.10"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
This class includes the provision of accommodation, typically on a daily or weekly basis, mainly for short stays by visitors, in self-contained space consisting of fully furnished rooms or areas for living\/dining and sleeping, with cooking facilities or fully equipped kitchens. This may take the form of apartments or flats in small free-standing multi-storey buildings or clusters of buildings, or single-storey bungalows, chalets, cottages and cabins. Very minimal complementary services, if any, are provided.<\/p>\n\n
This class includes accommodation provided by:<\/p>\n\n
\n\t
children and other holiday homes<\/li>\n\t
visitor flats and bungalows<\/li>\n\t
cottages and cabins without housekeeping services<\/li>\n\t
youth hostels and mountain refuges<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
This class excludes:<\/p>\n\n
\n\t
provision of furnished short-stay accommodation with daily cleaning, bed-making, food and beverage services.<\/li>\n\t
provision of homes and furnished or unfurnished flats or apartments for more permanent use, typically on a monthly or annual basis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"4f98b581-205b-41ca-aa2e-fc626a0757eb","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"title":"Holiday and other short-stay accommodation, NACE (rev. 2): 55.20"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
This class includes:<\/p>\n\n
\n\t
provision of accommodation in campgrounds, trailer parks, recreational camps and fishing and hunting camps for short stay visitors.<\/li>\n\t
provision of space and facilities for recreational vehicles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
This class also includes accommodation provided by:<\/p>\n\n
\n\t
protective shelters or plain bivouac facilities for placing tents and\/or sleeping bags.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
This class excludes:<\/p>\n\n
\n\t
mountain refuges, cabins and hostels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"d3282592-702c-4d54-88fb-e46275d1cd32","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"title":"Camping grounds, recreational vehicle parks and trailer parks, NACE (rev. 2): 55.30"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
This class includes the provision of temporary or longer-term accommodation in single or shared rooms or dormitories for students, migrant (seasonal) workers and other individuals.
\nThis class includes:<\/p>\n\n
\n\t
student residences<\/li>\n\t
school dormitories<\/li>\n\t
workers' hostels<\/li>\n\t
rooming and boarding houses<\/li>\n\t
railway sleeping cars<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"9a8b83f5-05c7-4a61-9e6a-6e95a9296270","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"title":"Other accommodation, NACE (rev. 2): 55.90"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
This division includes food and beverage serving activities providing complete meals or drinks fit for immediate consumption, whether in traditional restaurants, self-service or take-away restaurants, whether as permanent or temporary stands with or without seating. Decisive is the fact that meals fit for immediate consumption are offered, not the kind of facility providing them.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"b9c9eec5-bec1-4b5a-92ef-dda07a686ccd","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"title":"Food and beverage service activities, NACE (rev. 2): 56"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
This class includes the provision of food services to customers, whether they are served while seated or serve themselves from a display of items, whether they eat the prepared meals on the premises, take them out or have them delivered. This includes the preparation and serving of meals for immediate consumption from motorised vehicles or non-motorised carts.<\/p>\n\n
This class includes activities of:<\/p>\n\n
\n\t
restaurants<\/li>\n\t
cafeterias<\/li>\n\t
fast-food restaurants<\/li>\n\t
take-out eating places<\/li>\n\t
ice cream truck vendors<\/li>\n\t
mobile food carts<\/li>\n\t
food preparation in market stalls<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
This class also includes:<\/p>\n\n
\n\t
restaurant and bar activities connected to transportation, when carried out by separate units.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
This class excludes:<\/p>\n\n
\n\t
retail sale of food through vending machines.<\/li>\n\t
concession operation of eating facilities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"f72f039d-46e0-49b6-9a30-2123f9ccd383","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"title":"Restaurants and mobile food service activities, NACE (rev. 2): 56.10"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
This class includes the provision of food services based on contractual arrangements with the customer, at the location specified by the customer, for a specific event.<\/p>\n\n
This class excludes:<\/p>\n\n
\n\t
manufacture of perishable food items for resale.<\/li>\n\t
retail sale of perishable food items.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"ca83e247-8728-4c75-b531-9f73cd63c35c","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"title":"Event catering activitie, NACE (rev. 2): 56.21"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
This class includes industrial catering, i.e., the provision of food services based on contractual arrangements with the customer, for a specific period of time. Also included is the operation of food concessions at sports and similar facilities. The food is usually prepared in a central unit.<\/p>\n\n
This class includes:<\/p>\n\n
\n\t
activities of food service contractors (e.g., for transportation companies).<\/li>\n\t
operation of food concessions at sports and similar facilities.<\/li>\n\t
operation of canteens or cafeterias (e.g., for factories, offices, hospitals, or schools) on a concession basis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
This class excludes:<\/p>\n\n
\n\t
manufacture of perishable food items for resale.<\/li>\n\t
retail sale of perishable food items.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"3afb4ef2-d1c4-4267-bd51-d8bb7ba1d8b7","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"title":"Other food service activities, NACE (rev. 2): 56.29"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
This class includes preparation and serving of beverages for immediate consumption on the premises.<\/p>\n\n
This class includes activities of:<\/p>\n\n
\n\t
bars<\/li>\n\t
taverns<\/li>\n\t
cocktail lounges<\/li>\n\t
discotheques (with beverage serving predominant)<\/li>\n\t
beer parlours<\/li>\n\t
coffee shops<\/li>\n\t
fruit juice bars<\/li>\n\t
mobile beverage vendors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
This class excludes:<\/p>\n\n
\n\t
reselling packaged\/prepared beverages.<\/li>\n\t
retail sale of beverages through vending machines.<\/li>\n\t
operation of discotheques and dance floors without beverage serving.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","subContentId":"65498a76-cc98-47e1-a748-b88d9694977e","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"}},"title":"Beverage serving activities, NACE (rev. 2): 56.30"}],"hTag":"h3"},"library":"H5P.Accordion 1.0","metadata":{"contentType":"Accordion","license":"U","title":"Definitions of economic activities in the HoReCa sector"},"subContentId":"033314a5-2b36-4e79-b616-f67f6b65b2c7"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
In the scientific definition of hospitality as part of the HoReCa sector, different approaches are observed. They are directly related mostly to the views of the individual authors. In this context, the wide variety of definitions can be summarised in several directions , as presented in Figure 1:<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Scientific definition"},"subContentId":"10bd77db-f0f6-44be-a3ae-2b20a967dfd9"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"decorative":false,"contentName":"Image","expandImage":"Expand Image","minimizeImage":"Minimize Image","alt":"Figure 1. Directions in clarifying (defining) hospitality","file":{"path":"images\/image-o8YgcBRN.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":908,"height":525}},"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Figure 1"},"subContentId":"0749c9fb-b626-411d-b4b0-d5a392056d15"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
Figure 1: <\/strong>Directions in clarifying (defining) hospitality<\/em><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Figure 1"},"subContentId":"4a419d46-48a1-48cc-b51a-ca20d1ddcead"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
On the basis of the different directions in defining the hospitality industry, the following synthesised definition of the hospitality industry as a main part of the HoReCa sector can be derived: Hospitality is the main economic activity in the HoReCa sector, in which services related to staying for a certain period of time are created and offered for a fee to visitors in hotel establishments.<\/p>\n\n
Restaurant business is the second main activity making up the HoReCa sector. With regards to the restaurant industry, it is necessary to clarify that it can be considered both as an independent activity in the HoReCa sector and as an activity directly related to the hotel\/accommodation industry. More and more modern researchers in the field of HoReCa sector emphasise the concept of \"touristic restaurant business\", developing mainly in touristic destinations . In this context, the following definition can be derived: \"Restaurant business in tourism is a basic socio-economic tourism activity that produces and sells a complex product to satisfy the basic and additional needs of a predominantly touristic clientele within a specific material and spiritual environment\" .<\/p>\n\n
With a view to a deeper understanding of the HoReCa sector, it is necessary to trace its historical development. In this context, it can be said that the HoReCa sector goes through several stages in its historical development (Figure 2). They correspond to different periods in the development of society.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Hospitality"},"subContentId":"2313c952-e0d3-4851-9cb1-3be193e704ac"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"iconType":"icon","icon":"info","color":"#006666","hotspots":[{"position":{"x":12.478920741989882,"y":55.60788531065881},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"
Hotel and restaurant services have existed since ancient times. Travellers\u2019 needs for shelter and food predetermine their emergence. In practice, the first establishments for residence and dining were created in Stage 1.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"a1bd6ac4-517b-4165-8f0c-c65ed78444d6"}],"header":"Stage 1"},{"position":{"x":37.60539629005059,"y":40.18206849223353},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"
During the Middle Ages, development continued, corresponding to the larger spectrum of travellers\u2019 goals and the increasing number of trips. Places for accommodation and meals are being built with considerable living comforts for the period. From the 15th century in Europe, the foundations of more modern residential establishments were laid.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"11ce2aac-88ed-4e7b-9e8a-88842110cca3"}],"header":"Stage 2"},{"position":{"x":62.900505902192236,"y":23.8992618505624},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"
A new stage in the development of hotel and restaurant industry occurred at the end of the 18th century, after the great geographical discoveries and technical progress in transport. New places to stay and eat were popping up quickly. Travels increased - at first, they were made by nobles, later by merchants, bankers, industrialists. The first resort complexes appeared. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century were characterised by an intensive and all-round development of the HoReCa sector. Along with the construction of luxury hotels, means of sheltering tourists of medium means also appear.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"ba4e3fe0-b852-44d2-8a33-01b4bbce5978"}],"header":"Stage 3"},{"position":{"x":88.36424957841484,"y":8.473445032137118},"alwaysFullscreen":false,"content":[{"params":{"text":"
In recent years, our society has been under the influence of numerous cataclysms - pandemics, wars, natural disasters, etc., which undoubtedly affected and continue to affect the economic development at all levels. The progress related to the need for digital transformation is increasingly transforming, not only the economy as a whole, but also the everyday activities of humanity . The COVID-19 pandemic has affected economic sectors to varying degrees. Among the most affected was the HoReCa sector. The new conditions during and after the pandemic require a higher level of digital capabilities and use of digital technologies through which the sector can recover and continue its development.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.Text 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"60200b11-8008-4f8b-9163-3ea075172bc2"}],"header":"Stage 4"}],"hotspotNumberLabel":"Hotspot #num","closeButtonLabel":"Close","disableScaling":false,"backgroundImageAltText":"Stages of historical development of the HoReCa sector","image":{"path":"images\/image-BBJLHCRj.png","mime":"image\/png","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":908,"height":350}},"library":"H5P.ImageHotspots 1.10","metadata":{"contentType":"Image Hotspots","license":"U","title":"Stages of historical development of the HoReCa sector"},"subContentId":"faedd3f6-d2e3-4fac-89c4-ba9f7a3b92fc"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
Figure 2. <\/strong>Stages of historical development of the HoReCa sector<\/em><\/p>\n\n
[Source: Developed from data from Bozhinova, M., Ilieva, L., Pavlov, P. Hotel and restaurant business. Tsenov Publishing, Svishtov, 2021.]<\/em><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Figure 2"},"subContentId":"ec907ee8-3f7b-415b-b49b-c487030a57cf"},"useSeparator":"auto"}]}

Module 1: Characterisation of the dynamic HoReCa sector

Module 1: Characterisation of the dynamic HoReCa sector